Understanding Testicular Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the testicles, which are part of the male reproductive system. The testicles (also called testes or gonads) are responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.
Although it is less common compared to other cancers, testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men aged 15 to 35. The good news is that when detected early, it has a very high cure rate.
This guide explains the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of testicular cancer in simple terms.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of testicular cancer is still not clear. However, doctors have identified several factors that can increase the risk:
- Undescended Testicle (Cryptorchidism): Men with a history of undescended testicles have a higher chance of developing cancer, even if surgery corrected it.
- Family History: Having a father or brother with testicular cancer increases the risk.
- Age: Most common between ages 15–35, but it can occur at any age.
- Race and Ethnicity: More common in white men than in men of other races.
- HIV Infection: Men with HIV, especially those with AIDS, have an increased risk.
- Personal History: Men who have had cancer in one testicle are at higher risk of getting it in the other.
Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
Early detection is key. Men should pay attention to the following warning signs:
- A lump or swelling in one testicle
- A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
- Sudden buildup of fluid in the scrotum
- Pain or discomfort in the testicle or scrotum
- Dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin
- Enlargement or tenderness of breasts (gynecomastia)
- Persistent back pain (if the cancer has spread)
⚠️ Not all lumps mean cancer. Some may be harmless conditions. But any change should be checked by a doctor.
Diagnosis
Doctors use several methods to diagnose testicular cancer:
- Physical Examination: Checking the scrotum for lumps or swelling.
- Ultrasound: Differentiates between solid tumors (possibly cancer) and fluid-filled cysts.
- Blood Tests: Measures tumor markers like AFP, HCG, and LDH.
- Surgery & Biopsy: The affected testicle is often removed (orchiectomy) to confirm the diagnosis.
- Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRI, or chest X-rays help check if cancer has spread.
Types of Testicular Cancer
There are two main types:
- Seminomas – Grow slowly, usually respond well to radiation therapy, more common in older men.
- Non-Seminomas – Grow and spread more quickly, include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma.
Treatment Options
The treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer. Common options include:
1. Surgery
- Orchiectomy: Removal of the affected testicle (standard treatment).
- Lymph Node Dissection: May be done if cancer has spread to nearby nodes.
2. Radiation Therapy
- Often used for seminomas. Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy
- Uses drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. Usually given for advanced cases or non-seminomas.
4. Active Surveillance
- In early-stage cases, doctors may suggest regular monitoring with scans and blood tests instead of immediate treatment.
Prognosis
The outlook for testicular cancer is excellent.
- Early-stage cases: More than 95% survival rate at 5 years.
- Advanced cases: Even if cancer spreads, modern treatments are highly effective.
It makes early detection and timely treatment extremely important.
Prevention & Self-Examination
There is no guaranteed way to prevent testicular cancer. But self-examination can help detect it early.
How to Perform a Testicular Self-Exam:
- Do it once a month, preferably after a warm shower when the scrotal skin is relaxed.
- Hold each testicle gently between your fingers and roll it.
- Look for lumps, changes in size, or unusual heaviness.
- If you notice any changes, consult a urologist immediately.
Conclusion
Testicular cancer is a serious but highly treatable condition. Awareness of risk factors, symptoms, and regular self-checks can save lives.
If you experience any unusual changes in your testicles, seek medical advice without delay. With early diagnosis and proper treatment, recovery chances are excellent.
For expert care and consultation, you may visit Dr. Zubair Cheema, one of the best urologists in Lahore, Pakistan, who specializes in advanced urological treatments.